United States Trade Protectionism: Institutions, Norms, and Practices Symposium: The Political Economy of International Trade Law and Policy

is Article first explores the origins and evolution of existing trade norms and institutions.7 Then, as an example of the pressures on and potential responses open to United States industry, the Article turns to the recent experiences of the United States semiconductor industry.8 The Article concludes with some thoughts on the future of trade policymaking institutions, including the insight that the failure in United States trade policy has been in part due to the lack of ideas on how the United States should respond to foreign competition in a burgeoning world economy

How The Changing Terms of Competition in Global Markets are Creating New Possibilities For Danish Companies

Globalism has become an emblem for a whole series of dramatic changes in the international economy. The hyperbole in the media and popular novels that suggests a whirling era of giant companies, shifting money, and hapless governments, often hides the distinctive features of changing markets. This paper proposes that recent changes in the organization of production and product development are altering the terms of competition in many world markets and creating significant global opportunities for Danish firms. Those opportunities promise to enhance the development of Danish industry and employment. But there are risks. The new opportunities lie both in the new terms of competition that are observed in altered processes of product and component development and in the cross-national production networks that permit small companies to seize these opportunities. We label as “Wintelism” the new terms of competition and the new competitive strategies; we call the new organization of production Cross-national Production Networks (CNPNs). New risks lie in the accelerated pace of product and process development that make it harder and more essential to correctly judge technical developments, competitor strategies, and customer possibilities. The Danish policy question is whether the set of institutions and arrangements that constitute its industrial “market and policy logic”—or to use a different vocabulary, its National System of Innovation—is able to support the pursuit of the opportunities that “Wintelism” and Cross National Production Networks (CNPNs) create